Weight-Loss Peptide Research: Incretins and Amylin Analogues

Retatrutide Research: Triple Receptor Agonism Explained

Retatrutide is an investigational triple agonist at the GIP, GLP-1 and glucagon receptors. Phase 2 trials reported the largest mean weight reductions published for a pharmacological agent to date, around 24% at 48 weeks at the highest dose. It is not approved anywhere and Phase 3 outcome and safety data is still accumulating.

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Tirzepatide Research: Dual GIP/GLP-1 Agonism Evidence

Tirzepatide is a dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist approved for type 2 diabetes and for chronic weight management in several jurisdictions. The SURPASS and SURMOUNT programmes reported mean weight reductions of roughly 15–21% depending on dose and population. It has the most complete trial dataset of the current multi-receptor agents.

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Semaglutide Research: GLP-1 Evidence and Outcomes

Semaglutide is a GLP-1 receptor agonist approved for type 2 diabetes, chronic weight management and cardiovascular risk reduction in people with obesity and established cardiovascular disease. The STEP and SELECT programmes gave the class its first hard-outcome evidence, moving it beyond weight and glucose endpoints.

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Cagrilintide Research: Amylin Analogue Evidence

Cagrilintide is a long-acting amylin analogue investigated alone and in fixed combination with semaglutide (CagriSema). Amylin is a pancreatic hormone co-secreted with insulin that signals satiety through a different route from GLP-1, which is why combining the two is of interest. It is not approved.

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How Incretin Peptides Work: Mechanisms of Action Explained

Incretin-based weight-loss drugs act on a small number of hormone receptors with distinct physiological jobs. Understanding which receptor does what explains why dual and triple agonists outperform single-receptor drugs, and why side-effect profiles differ. This page is a mechanism reference, not a treatment guide.

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Incretin Side Effects: What the Trial Data Reports

Adverse event data for incretin drugs comes from large randomised trials and from post-marketing surveillance, which answer different questions. Gastrointestinal effects dominate trial data; rarer signals emerge later from real-world reporting. This page summarises what has been reported and how confident the evidence is.

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Combination Research: Why Multi-Pathway Agents Are Studied

Combination research in metabolic pharmacology means engaging more than one receptor system, either in a single molecule or as co-administered agents. The rationale is that appetite, satiety and energy expenditure are separate physiological levers. This page reviews what has been tested in trials — it is not a protocol page.

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