Other · Endogenous neuropeptide; PTH2 receptor agonist
Tuberoinfundibular peptide of 39 residues (TIP39)
Also known as TIP39; PTH2R endogenous ligand
An endogenous 39-residue neuropeptide used to investigate PTH2 receptor activation and anatomically defined neural signalling.
- Length
- 39 amino acids
- Half-life
- Not well characterised
- Mechanism
- TIP39 activates the parathyroid hormone 2 receptor (PTH2R), a class B G protein-coupled receptor, predominantly stimulating Gs-dependent cyclic AMP production. Calcium-linked signalling can also be detected in suitable expression systems.
- Studied in
- Recombinant receptor assays, rodent brain mapping, neuronal preparations and genetic animal models examine TIP39–PTH2R signalling and its organisation within neural circuits.
About Tuberoinfundibular peptide of 39 residues (TIP39)
TIP39 was isolated from bovine hypothalamic material during a search for an endogenous ligand for PTH2R. Its name reflects both its length and its association with tuberoinfundibular neuroanatomy. The mature peptide is produced from a larger precursor encoded by PTH2. Despite engaging a receptor related to PTH1R, TIP39 has a distinct sequence and receptor-selectivity profile, supporting its use as a molecular probe of the PTH2R signalling system.
Anatomical studies in rodents locate prominent TIP39-producing neuronal populations in the posterior thalamic region and the medial paralemniscal nucleus. Their projections overlap with several areas expressing PTH2R, providing a framework for studying peptide-mediated circuit communication. In recombinant cells, cyclic AMP is a common functional readout. Interpretation requires attention to receptor species, because ligand recognition within the PTH receptor family is not identical across species or experimental expression backgrounds.
Laboratory notes
- Confirm the species-specific sequence; bovine, human and rodent TIP39 preparations should not be assumed to be sequence-identical.
- Use PTH2R-negative cells or receptor-deficient controls to distinguish receptor-dependent signals from assay background.
- Assess adsorption losses in dilute solutions and use validated low-binding vessels when preparing assay standards.
Storage and reconstitution basics: storage guide.
Questions about Tuberoinfundibular peptide of 39 residues (TIP39)
Is TIP39 a fragment of parathyroid hormone?
No. TIP39 is a distinct precursor-derived neuropeptide, although its principal receptor belongs to the same receptor family as PTH1R.
Which functional assay is commonly used?
Cyclic AMP accumulation in cells expressing PTH2R is a standard readout. Calcium mobilisation can provide complementary information in an appropriate cellular background.
Why does receptor species matter?
PTH2R orthologues can differ in ligand pharmacology. The peptide sequence and receptor species should therefore both be specified when comparing experiments.
Is Tuberoinfundibular peptide of 39 residues (TIP39) for human use?
No. It is supplied strictly for in-vitro laboratory research and is not for human or animal consumption.
Related research peptides
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